Canada Fashion Design University Programs. Browse through the list of Canadian Fashion Design bachelor. Fashion Design in Canada: All Programs. British Columbia. Fashion Design Programs in Canada . So why not study fashion design in Canada? Find a Fasion Design Program in Canada. Canadian Journalism Programs >>. University of the Fraser Valley (UFV)UFV Fashion Design two- year diploma has now been discontinued as of April 9, 2. The UFV Fashion program is currently undergoing a review. Current Fashion Design students are not affected. The Fashion Design department will continue to offer every course they need to earn their diploma. Fashion design is the art of application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Designing a garment. Canada George Brown College. Fashion design courses will also be available as electives to students interested in learning more about the world of fashion and wishing to learn marketable skills to diversify their employment opportunities. BFA students may declare a Fashion minor or extended minor, but should consider the fact that UFV will not offer a wide range of Fashion Design courses in the near future, as a result of the suspension of the Fashion Design diploma. Credits previously earned or transfer credits can be applied to complete these programs.
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Sand ceremonies symbolize the blending of two lives. Design Your Wedding Program. Sand Ceremony. Return to Ceremony Samples Page. Sand Ceremony Vow Wording. Examples of Wording for the Sand Ceremony. Wedding Invitations, Wedding Programs, and Wedding Stationery. Sample Wedding Ceremony Programs at. Unique Wedding Programs Wedding Program Template Wedding Reception Programs Samples Wedding Program Printing Bible Verses. Sand Ceremony. Sand Ceremony. Return to Ceremony Samples Page(usually placed after the ring exchange)I like this ceremony. This can also be used as a family ceremony and have each child have their own color of sand. We carry a wide variety of sand colors. Let us know what your colors are and we will try to match as close as possible. Sand colors may vary from those shown here. GROOM/BRIDE and GROOM/BRIDE you have just sealed your relationship by the giving and receiving of rings and this is a pledge between two people who agree that they will commit themselves to one another throughout their lives. Today, this relationship is also symbolized through the pouring of these two individual containers of sand. One, representing you, GROOM/BRIDE and One Representing you GROOM/BRIDE and all that you were, all that you are, and all that you will ever be. A Sand Ceremony is a unique way to. A Sand Ceremony or Blending of the Sand is a unique way to. Sections in bold are in traditional wedding ceremonies. Having a wedding sand ceremony? We perform Sand Wedding Ceremonies. Your beach sand unity ceremony can be performed by one of the top California wedding. Here you will find examples of wedding program wording, wedding program designs, wedding program verses, cultural wedding program samples, and other information you. Sample vows for use in Unity Sand Ceremony Weddings. Sand Ceremony Sets : Home |Contact Me. The most beautiful example of this partnership is the marriage. As these two containers of sand are poured into the third container, the individual containers of sand will no longer exist, but will be joined together as one. Just as these grains of sand can never be separated, our prayer for you today is that your lives together would be blended like the seven seas and may your love swirl around each other like the changing tides. Sand and bottles can be purchased at craft stores or I can provide ones similar to the ones shown above for $2. When selecting a container for the sand choose one with a wide mouth and a cork stopper so it can be kept as a keepsake. Return to Ceremony Samples Page.
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PAYE. Fortunately, an alternative government program is available. It’s called Income- Based Repayment or IBR. New Borrower Not a Factor Under IBRFirst, there is no new borrower requirement under the IBR program. You can have older student loan debt (prior to Oct. This factor alone opens up IBR to many more of the 3. Americans who carry student loan debt, according to e. Credit Daily. More Loans Qualify Under IBRUnder PAYE, only Federal Direct Loans qualify for repayment. Under IBR the list is longer. In fact, most major types of federal student loans are eligible for IBR, based on information on the Federal Student Aid website. They include: Direct Subsidized Loans. Direct Unsubsidized Loans. Direct PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students. Direct Consolidation Loans without underlying PLUS loans made to parents. Subsidized Federal Stafford Loans. Unsubsidized Federal Stafford Loans. FFEL PLUS Loans made to graduate or professional students. FFEL Consolidation Loans without underlying PLUS loans made to parents. As with PAYE, some types of loans are also not eligible for repayment under IBR: PLUS loans made to parents. Consolidation Loans that include underlying PLUS loans made to parents. Private education loans. Partial Financial Hardship. To be eligible to repay your student loans under IBR, you must demonstrate partial financial hardship. It’s not as terrible as it sounds. It’s all about debt- to- income ratio, but the easiest way to find out if you qualify is to calculate your monthly payment under IBR. The Department of Education provides an online calculator useful for determining whether you qualify for IBR. The South Carolina Teachers Loan Programs were established by the State of South Carolina to help talented and qualified students become teachers. The calculator also projects your monthly payment under the program. If your monthly payment under IBR is lower than it would be under a 1. Standard Repayment Plan, then you are eligible to repay your loans under IBR. Payments. An attraction of PAYE is that loan repayment is only 1. AGI) and 1. 50 percent of the Poverty Guideline for your family size (otherwise known as discretionary income). For IBR, the amount is 1. MFA-Student Loan Programs (MFA-SLP) has been providing access to higher education for the citizens of Michigan since 1975. Our primary objective is to provide student loan information and resources to borrowers so they may reach their education goals. Search for the lowest interest rates. An alternative loan can be your source for additional funding. Find the right program and apply today. What if you don't qualify for the Obama Student Loan Forgiveness program? Fortunately, there is an alternative government program available. It is more than PAYE’s loan repayment rate, but still less than the amount you would pay under a standard repayment plan. Forgiveness. Under IBR, if you make regular payments and meet certain other requirements, after 2. The period for PAYE is 2. IBR. Taxes on Forgiveness. As with PAYE, any regular forgiven balance under IBR is subject to income tax. Public Service Forgiveness amounts are not subject to tax.) This means that any amount the government discharges is considered income to you, and you will have to pay tax on that amount. Public Service Forgiveness. If you happen to work full- time for a public service organization and make full, regular, monthly payments for 1. IBR you may be eligible for tax- free forgiveness of the remaining balance. This is the same as the rule for PAYE, and it’s especially helpful for you if you work in public service. Interest Subsidy and Capitalization. Another advantage of the government’s student loan repayment program is the interest subsidy rule. Both Pay As You Earn and Income- Based Repayment include an interest subsidy. Under both PAYE and IBR, if your monthly payment amount doesn’t pay all of the interest due on your loan for that month, the government will pay the unpaid amount for up to three consecutive years from the date you begin repaying your loans. In addition, during the period when you have a partial financial hardship, interest not covered by your loan payments will not be capitalized (added to the principal resulting in “interest on interest”). This is true even if this happens during a deferment or forbearance. Once you no longer have a hardship, interest is added to principal and capitalized. Documentation. As with practically any government program, under IBR you must provide documentation verifying your income and family size each year. If you fail to do so, unpaid interest on your loan will be capitalized. In a larger sense, the documentation you provide helps determine any adjustments, up or down, in your monthly payment. Downside. There are two main drawbacks to IBR. First, if you make a smaller payment over a longer period (2. Second, unless you fall under the Public Service Forgiveness rule, you will probably pay income taxes on any amount forgiven after 2. Bottom Line. If you don’t qualify for Pay As You Earn, aka, Obama Student Loan Forgiveness, research the Income- Based Repayment. Lower monthly payments, loan forgiveness and the interest subsidy probably outweigh the downside of paying more over time and the possible income tax consequences – especially for you as you begin your career and probably have to keep expenses down. If you think IBR might be for you, go to Student. Loans. gov, sign in and complete the IBR Repayment Plan Request. Considering the Many Alternative College Loan Providers. Educational funding takes many forms, so students often utilize multiple financial aid resources to meet college expenses. Scholarships and grants are free- money gifts that shave college costs right off the top, but unpaid obligations often remain after gift- aid runs dry. Student loans fill the gap for under- funded applicants, but there are important distinctions to be made between available student loan options. Government- sponsored loans are the backbone of the financial aid system, with subsidized and unsubsidized versions available for undergraduate and graduate level studies. Advantages include low, fixed interest rates and flexible repayment terms. Federal Direct Loans carry rates as low as 3. Federal loans are issued without formal credit checks. They are altruistic vehicles, inherently designed to foster society’s educational development, so borrowers are held to a more relaxed standard. Unfortunately, students turning to the private loan sector are not coddled in the same way. To qualify for loans, for- profit lenders require applicants to exhibit strong credit histories. Private, alternative loans carry advantages for student borrowers who utilize them: These loans can be utilized for any type of education. Borrowed amounts may exceed the cost of education. Loans provide assistance for undergraduate, graduate, vocational and continuing education programs. For parents, alternative loans are available to help pay for private K- 1. Pros and Cons Associated With Alternative Student Loans. While scholarships and grants don’t require repayment, student loans eventually come due. To effectively manage student debt, it is important to keep borrowing levels within your means. Alternative loans are higher- priced, so indiscriminate borrowing has the potential to create difficulties after graduation. Ask prudent questions to determine your need for alternative student loans. Have you exhausted your eligibility for federal, state, and campus- specific financial aid resources? Have you applied for scholarships and grants, both general and subject- specific? Does your status as a woman or minority create additional student- specific opportunities for you? Have you factored in any college savings you’ve amassed? Will you be earning any income while you are enrolled in college? Does your post- graduate earning potential support your repayment obligations? Alternative Loan Strategy. Banks once acted as loan administrators for Stafford Loans and other federal financial aid products, but the way government loans are issued has changed. Today, student loans come directly from the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program, without call for a middle- man lender to disburse the funds. As a result, private banks and credit unions are now resigned to providing alternative financing, outside the federal system. Alternative lenders define their own loan standards, so not all student aid products are created equally. These lenders have been active recently, providing alternative loans for higher education: Student banking representatives are prepared to answer specific questions about available programs. Not every lender, or alternative loan, is suited to your educational purposes. Interest rates, loan limits, repayment terms and other features each have significant impacts of the character of a given loan. Strive to match your borrower and loan program to the educational funding needs at hand. Applying for an Alternative Student Loan. Alternative student loans are more credit- based than their federally- backed counterparts. Lenders seek assurances that loans will be repaid on time, which presents a stumbling block for some students. Younger people have not engaged in extensive credit interactions – no mortgage, etc. As a result, the extent and types of credit contained on a student’s payment history are often insufficient to prove credit- worthiness to bankers. Alternative loan- seekers enjoy an oft- used borrowing option that secures required funding for college. Limited credit borrowers, like college students, are allowed to attach additional credit- worthy cosigners to their loans. Parents, relatives and helpful friends lend their own credit histories to student applications, to provide additional assurances to lenders. Loans remain the responsibility of both borrowers, until a certain number of on- time payments are made. Once a track record of consecutive timely payments is established, many lenders will release cosigners from further obligation. Repaying cosigned loans on- time provides credit- building opportunities for students, who use repayment successes as stepping- stones to favorable credit ratings.
Rutgers Target Program 2012 FordRutgers Target Program 2012 ToyotaCalendar of Events | Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Shop for Rutgers university fan shop at Target. Find a wide selection of Rutgers university fan shop within our fan shop category. Rutgers Executive Education has designed hundreds of custom learning solutions focusing on a variety of topics. Learn about our Corporate Training Programs. Rutgers Executive Education offers a wide variety of programs for individuals interested in furthering their professional skill sets. Browse programs here. Dexter + Chaney offers a cloud-based Construction Equipment Management Software for small or large businesses & corporations. Get a Free Demo Today! Find and compare Equipment Maintenance software. Free, interactive tool to quickly narrow your choices and contact multiple vendors. Quartzy is lab management software for life scientists that is completely free to use. Manage lab inventory and track lab order requests. SysAid's Free Asset Management Software provides the capabilities you need for software, hardware, and network inventory management in a single solution. Try it now! Top Equipment Maintenance Software - 2. Reviews & Pricing. Equipment management software tracks an organization’s mechanical equipment, ensuring that upkeep and repairs are done on schedule and on budget. But with hundreds of products on the market, it can be a tall order to identify which ones meet your company’s needs. With that in mind, we’ve written this buyer’s guide to support managers in assessing their options as they navigate the landscape. Equip System What is it? Equip is a flexible equipment management system designed for businesses that rent, loan or distribute equipment. 20120701 Page 1 of 48 CONTENTS EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Introduction 3 Components of Louisiana’s Equipment Management Program: 3. Track & Service Equipment. If your business is responsible for servicing equipment, you'll appreciate the robust equipment tracking features in BlueFolder. Here are the topics we'll cover: What Is Equipment Maintenance Software. Preventive maintenance is crucial to the success of any organization. Offline equipment produces nothing, slows project completion and can even result in a complete operational shutdown. Even worse, equipment malfunctions can be dangerous, leading to time- wasting (at best) or harmful (at worst) accidents. Equipment tracking software is designed to optimize asset performance, ensuring that preventive tasks happens on schedule and that work orders are handled with maximum efficiency. Critical functions include: Asset tracking—i. Equipment tracking—maintaining detailed records, including service history, contracts, part and model numbers etc. Labor resource management—identifying labor resources needed/used to perform certain tasks, including qualifications, time and labor rates. Managing inventory—simplifying ordering and ensuring that necessary parts are always in stock. Managing work orders—ensuring that unscheduled maintenance occurs quickly and easily. More advanced maintenance management products like Bigfoot CMMS, Sprocket CMMS, e. Maint X3 and Maintenance Connection may have a predictive maintenance feature, as well. This application predicts, based on past errors and physical symptoms (e. This feature actually saved one company a million dollars in one day. Though most results aren’t quite this dramatic, almost all users can attest that properly implemented equipment and machine maintenance software will improve asset performance, reduce costs and extend the lifetime of equipment. Equipment maintenance tracking software are commonly used for fleets of vehicles (e. What Type of Buyer Are You? Most buyers fall into one of the following categories: Full- suite buyers. These buyers want seamless integration across systems. For example, a cable company may want a system that allows them to send the same information between their equipment management, field service, helpdesk and accounting departments. These buyers will want an enterprise asset management (EAM) system that simultaneously fills all these needs without re- entry or corruption of data. Products to consider include Infor EAM, Axxerion and Proteus. Best- of- breed buyers. These buyers generally have more specific needs and want deeper functionality rather than full integration. A specialist will likely deliver a better solution than an EAM product in this instance. Consider collective. Fleet or Maintenance Connection. Small business software buyers. Small business buyers usually go for products that are easy to use and implement and have lower up- front costs. They’ll usually find their answer in cloud- based solutions that are less robust but still address all their primary needs. Web Work by Tero Counseling and TMT Fleet Maintenance provide solutions that are high quality without breaking the bank. Market Trends to Understand. Mobile applications. Buyers working with fleets of vehicles will want to pay special attention to this one. Mobile apps can add value to a solution, since they enable users in the field to access orders, generate new work orders, track labor and inventory use and perform any number of other important tasks, all from their mobile device. It’s becoming more common for floor managers in a factory setting to use tablet devices in this way, too. Software as a Service (Saa. S). Web- based software is becoming more popular. Especially given the growth of the mobile market, maintenance supervisors are beginning to appreciate the ease of use that comes with web- based systems, allowing them to be accessed from anywhere and requiring very little in the way of installation. Storytelling Program | Faculty of Arts and Science. Since 1. 97. 7, the University of Lethbridge Applied Studies Program and the Lethbridge Public Library have worked together to offer students the opportunity to participate in the Storytelling Program. Storytelling takes place in Lethbridge and area elementary schools (K–6), daycares and local community organizations. Program Storytelling ImagesThe Library hopes that through exposure to storytelling, children will be encouraged to read and to use the Library. Course Requirements. Storyteller’s Responsibilities: To attend 4–5 training sessions on storytelling. To select and present appropriate stories. To encourage children to read and use the Lethbridge Public Library. Qualifications and Pre- requisites: Minimum GPA 2. Second- year standing (a minimum 3. Digital Storytelling is very happy to announce the upcoming Norwegian VFX 2015 event on December 5th at Westerdals Oslo ACT, Campus Vulkan! Basic requirements for all Storytelling Applied. Students wishing to take Disciplinary Credit for the Storytelling program should consult the Applied Studies. Digital Storytelling in the Classroom. Storytelling has always been a significant part of. an innovative program of youth-produced short films from across the. Program Overview One of the most memorable methods in a learning program is storytelling. Stories have the ability to transform learning programs and engage. Mature, self- directed person. Open to all majors. A background in drama education, children's literature, public speaking or experience working with children is preferred. Definite commitment to the program's scheduling (see below)French storytelling positions are also available (up to grade 6 French Immersion)Note: Participants are required to have at least 2 half days available for storytelling (Monday - Thursday)Basic requirements for all Storytelling Applied Study courses: Students will be assigned storytelling sessions as their academic schedule allows. To submit monthly reports to the Applied Studies Coordinator on due dates as outlined in the student’s Course Information Email (refer to report guidelines)Students will also submit Storytellers- at- Large Evaluation Forms on a monthly basis to their Applied Studies Coordinator. These forms are completed during the storytelling session by the classroom teacher. StoryCenter (formerly the Center for Digital Storytelling), founder of the global Digital Storytelling movement, is a nonprofit organization that uses a combination. Educational Web site, designed for teachers, librarians, and students,explores the use of storytelling in the classroom to enhance speaking, listening, reading and. ETSU's Storytelling Program 2016 Summer Institutes registration is now open! The Master of Arts in Professional Communication (PCOM) with. MasterPeace Nepal celebrated peace day through storytelling about earthquake that shocked Nepal on 25th April earlier this year on 22nd September, 2015. Storytelling is the conveying of events in words, sound and/or images, often by improvisation or embellishment. Stories or narratives have been shared in every. Digital storytelling is a short form of digital media production that allows. Chicago journalist Mark Tatge started a Digital Storytelling program at DePauw. Forms are available from the Applied Studies Office or online. The Applied Studies Coordinator and the Lethbridge Public Library Children’s Librarian will evaluate the storyteller’s performance by attending at least one session during the semester. At the completion of the placement the Lethbridge Public Library Children’s Librarian will complete an evaluation assessing the student’s performance. Monthly Report Guidelines: 2- 5 pages in length. Summary of hours completed. Reflection on progression of Learning Objectives. Demonstrates analysis of skill development (provide examples)Makes connections between academic training and practical experience (demonstrate with examples)Reports should be edited for appropriate grammar and spelling. Applied Studies Course Options: Applied Studies 2. Applied Studies 2. Students wishing to take Applied Studies 2. Storytelling program should consult the Applied Studies Field Experience course outline for requirements. Applied Studies 2. Applied Studies 2. Applied Studies 2. The final report for Applied Studies 2. Course Information Email or up to 3. Students are encouraged to be creative with the portfolio format. The portfolio must include an evaluation of the following elements for each story: Literary elements including plot, theme, characterization and setting. Discussion of story adaptations (including actions, intonations and song) and appropriateness for particular age groups. Analysis (including use of secondary resource materials) of the historical and cultural significance of the story and why it is still relevant and interesting today. A complete list of stories told, sources and authors (works cited list). Grading and Evaluation. Upon completion of Applied Studies 2. Portfolio (assigned by Applied Studies Coordinator)2. Placement supervisor evaluation (assigned by Children’s Librarian)1. Monthly reports (assigned by Applied Studies Coordinator)Grading Scale: 9. A+7. 4- 8. 0B+6. 1- 6. C+5. 0D8. 7- 9. 3A6. B5. 6- 6. 0C0- 4. F8. 1- 8. 6A- 6. 4- 6. B- 5. 1- 5. 5C- Note: Students must receive a passing Student Performance Evaluation, complete the minimum amount of Placement hours, and submit all the required reports/projects in order to receive a final grade. If course requirements are not fulfilled within the approved time frame, a grade of “F” will appear on the student’s transcript. Disciplinary Credit: Students wishing to take Disciplinary Credit for the Storytelling program should consult the Applied Studies–Disciplinary Credit outline for course requirements. The final paper should include consideration of a particular aspect of the storytelling experience within an academic context. Strengthen Yours Here. Start with a short quiz about parent-kid relationships and preparing kids for success. PCIT International was created to promote fidelity in the practice of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy through well-conducted research, training, and continuing. Small Steps Early Intervention Program. Small Steps is an Early Intervention Program providing evaluation, therapeutic and educational services to your infant or toddler age birth through three years old through the NYS Early Intervention Program. These services are provided in your home or day care or at our facility in Nyack at no cost to your family. To be eligible for the Early Intervention Program, families and children must reside in Rockland County, NY. Home- Based Services: Evaluations are provided in the home/daycare and once a child qualifies for the Early Intervention Program, therapies are provided in the home/daycare one- to- one. Small Steps is an Early Intervention Program providing evaluation, therapeutic and educational services to your infant or toddler age birth through three years old. CPM Educational Program is a California nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation dedicated to improving grades 6-12 mathematics instruction. CPM’s mission is to empower. Some 200,000 Vermonters (nearly one third of our population) rely on the Vermont Department for Children and Families (DCF) for programs and services. PLUS loans are federal loans that graduate students and parents of dependent undergraduate students can use to help pay for college or career school. Show That Your Love Is Unconditional. As a parent, you're responsible for correcting and guiding your kids. But how you express your corrective guidance makes all the. National PTA is pleased to recognize Senator Michael Bennet (D-CO) and Congressman Lou Barletta (R-PA) with its 2016 Congressional Voice for Children Award. These services are individualized to meet each child’s specific needs and include: Physical Therapy Occupational Therapy Speech Therapy Special Instruction. Parent and Family Training and Instruction Psychological Counseling. Social Work. Adaptive Equipment Evaluation and Ordering. Small Steps strives to provide you and your family with the best service and assistance that we can. What is VBCPS Parent Portal? Parent and guardian access to important current school year information for your child’s progress available from any computer connected. Getting a license. Steps to getting your first license. Teens; 18 and over; Instruction permits; Driver training programs; Proof of identity; Driver training and testing. All of our therapists are experienced pediatric professionals. They have all had experience in a variety of medical and educational settings. Parent Steps Program FloridaSmall Steps views itself as a part of the team that consists of the child, their family, and all treating professionals working with the child. We are here to help you and provide you with the knowledge to begin to help your child. Small Steps also provides Center- based and Facility- Based services to eligible children. The broad term 'alternative fuels' refers to fuels other than. the two fuels. In Australia. atmospheric oxygen and as such is an alternative fuel to petrol. Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association. Waste Vegetable Oil As A Diesel. Replacement Fuel. Phillip Calais* and AR (Tony) Clark*** Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, pcalais@ieee. Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association Inc, See contact details. Abstract. In the past, waste edible oils and fats were often used in. However due to links between BSE and. ** Western Australian Renewable Fuels. as renewable fuel resources. Conversion of waste oils and fats to. Office Alternative Fuels Program. Main alternative transport fuels in use in Australia. AUD37.3 million paid to Australia’s 3 fuel. ALTERNATIVE FUELS CONVERSION PROGRAM. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. R&D Program aims to produce an alternative, replacement fuel. Private Sector Linkages Program, Australia. Australia. Austria. Bangladesh. Belgium. Brazil. Auditor Conversion Training. the use of alternative fuels such as refuse. This has led to significant disposal problems. Waste oils and fats can be used as renewable fuel resources. Conversion of waste oils and fats to biodiesel fuel is one possibility. Conversion to biodiesel may also decrease the. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of. Using relatively unmodified oils or fats eliminates. This paper discusses the use of waste vegetable and. Introduction. Waste edible oils and fats pose significant disposal. In the past much of these waste. However due. to possible links between BSE and this practice, the use of waste edible. As it is often difficult to prevent the contamination. One possibility for the disposal of these products. Conversion of waste oils and. However it is not commercially available in Australia. By- product. disposal may present further difficulties and environmental considerations. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil or rendered. Using unmodified oils not only eliminates problems. While the use of vegetable or animal oils and fats. French- born Rudolf Diesel near. In 1. 90. 0, Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his new compression. World Exhibition in Paris running on peanut oil. In 1. 91. 1 he wrote “The engine can be fed with vegetable oils and. It was about this time that new drilling technology. Consequently, the use. After some one hundred years of using liquid petroleum. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. In Australia, transport use contributes some 1. Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. Of this, diesel fuel contributed. CO2 equivalent. An additional 1,6. On top of greenhouse gas emissions is the vexing question of how. However oils of vegetable and animal origin, unlike. Properties of Triglycerides as Fuels. A large amount of research has gone into examining Diesel’s. Work has been conducted to examine these oils as fuel replacements or additives. For example in the late 1. Murdoch University (Perth, Australia) into the use of eucalyptus and other. In New Zealand, there are considerable. Experience has shown that the use of unsaturated triglyceride. But this is not always the case and in many circumstances. While power output and tailpipe emissions using plant. These. can cause difficult starting in cold conditions, the gumming up of injectors. The viscosity of plant and animal fats and oils varies. In most. cases, these ‘oils’ or ‘fats’ are actually a. This may give. the oil or fat a temperature range over which solidification occurs. High melting points or solidification ranges can cause. While this also occurs with petroleum based diesel, particularly. C for ‘summer’ formulations. C for ‘winter’ diesels, it is relatively. Many vegetable oils and some animal oils are ‘drying’ or ‘semi- drying’ and. But it is also. this property that further restricts their use as fuels. Drying results from the double bonds (and sometimes. Cross- linking at this site can. In the high temperatures commonly found in internal combustion engines, the. With some oils, engine failure can occur in as little as 2. The traditional measure of the degree of bonds available. Iodine Value’ (IV) and. The amount of iodine. IV. The higher the IV. While some oils have a low IV and are suitable without. IV which may cause problems if used. Generally speaking, an IV of less than about 2. Table 1 lists various oils and some of their properties. The IV can be easily reduced by hydrogenation of the. However this process also increases. As can be seen from Table 1, only coconut oil has an. IV low enough to be used without any potential problems in an unmodified. However, with a melting point of 2. C, the use of. coconut oil in cooler areas would obviously lead to problems. With IVs. of 2. 5 – 5. Triglycerides. in the range of IV 5. However these. must be balanced against greatly decreased fuel costs (if using cheap. Table 1. Oils and their melting point and Iodine Values [1. Oil Approx. Iodine point °C Value Coconut oil 2. Palm kernel oil 2. Mutton tallow 4. Beef tallow 5. Palm oil 3. Olive oil - 6 8. Castor oil - 1. Peanut oil 3 9. Rapeseed oil - 1. Cotton seed oil - 1 1. Sunflower oil - 1. Soybean oil - 1. Tung oil - 2. Linseed oil - 2. Sardine oil 1. All. of these problems can be at least partially alleviated by dissolving. Drying. oils’ such as linseed oil for example, could be mixed with. IV in the mid- twenties. Likewise coconut oil can be thinned with. Obviously the solubility of the oil in petroleum also needs to. Another method is to emulsify the oil or fat with ethanol. Goering [1. 2] found. The cost was calculated (in 1. Trans- esterifying triglyceride oils and fats with monohydric alcohols to form. However as previously mentioned, the ‘back- yard’ production of. In many cases, it is possible to use a variety of triglyceride fats and oils. While engine wear and maintenance may be increased, in some circumstances. Conversion of a vehicle to operate on Waste Cooking Oil. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil. The differences amongst fats and oils, whether of. Generally speaking, the lower the number of double bonds, the. From an engine. use point of view, it is preferable to use saturated fats as fuels as they. However due to. their higher melting points, difficulty may be encountered in starting the. In. order to test the viability of using relatively unsaturated oils. Mazda with a 2. 0 litre indirect injection OHC. At that time of purchase, the vehicle. The previous owner stated that the engine head had been overhauled, but no. Since the purchase, and prior to the conversion. Fuel consumption. L/1. 00 km. The vehicle is used as a family vehicle in a 2- car household. At the time of. conversion (October 2. Waste palm oil (a solid fat) was used initially but the time delay in melting. Consequently, waste canola. At. about 8. 0 c. St (at 2. 0° C), the viscosity of used canola oil is. St. [7, 1. 3] However, as canola oil is. C. the viscosity is about 5 to 1. St. Thus the viscosity is sufficiently. Table 2 Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel. Diesel Canola Oil Biodiesel. Density. kg. L- 1 @ 1. C 0. Calorific. value MJL- 1 3. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 2. C 4 - 5 7. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 4. C 4 - 5 3. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 7. C 1. Cetane. number 4. The. vehicle was fitted with an additional 1. Electrical connections to a thermostat. The oil tank was fitted with a heat exchanger comprising one metre of 1. This was connected to the engine coolant system and pre- heats. The tank was located in the engine bay to maximise heat. The finished tank. This gave a range of up to 2. Additional filtering was installed with an internal preheater. The pre- heater, a 2. V diesel glow plug, together with a relay and thermostat. The filter used (Ryco. Z3. 0) provides filtration to 3. A vacuum gauge was fitted after the fuel filter and it. An extra in- line fuel pump. The heated oil fuel line was one metre of 5/1. Brass fittings were used to ensure. The three port, 1. Vdc solenoid valve was mounted in. The fuel. return line to the diesel tank was redirected to the fuel pump suction. This was done to prevent. A disadvantage of. A run- on timer was installed using a modified ‘turbo. After the solenoid valve is switched back to diesel, the. During this period. The correct time was found by a trial and error. A manual. override switch was also installed to allow emergency, or short duration. The supplier of the used oil (a fast food outlet) filters. To ensure that. the oil is clean, the oil is heated and additionally filtered. It was found that the used oil usually becomes. If water content is suspected of being excessive, the. C to evaporate the moisture. Use of the oil and preliminary results To date, the vehicle has been driven over 7. In the morning, the oil in the tank is cold and quite viscous and a particular. In addition, if, at the end of the trip. Glow plugs are used for all starts. When starting cold, the engine is. When the engine temperature. For hot or warm starts. Shutdown: In the cooler months, at about. At. the end. the journey, the ignition switch is turned off. If the time delay has. Comparison of performance and economy. Using records of fuel consumption and distance travelled, there has. The fuel consumption has been. L/1. 00 km, regardless of what fuel is being used. It is planned that. Problems. Cold starting with canola oil: If. It has been found that heating the injectors by, for example, pouring. Saturated oils: The use of saturated (solid) fats in. Palm oil tended to solidify in the filter. This may be less of. |
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September 2016
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