The broad term 'alternative fuels' refers to fuels other than. the two fuels. In Australia. atmospheric oxygen and as such is an alternative fuel to petrol. Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association. Waste Vegetable Oil As A Diesel. Replacement Fuel. Phillip Calais* and AR (Tony) Clark*** Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, pcalais@ieee. Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association Inc, See contact details. Abstract. In the past, waste edible oils and fats were often used in. However due to links between BSE and. ** Western Australian Renewable Fuels. as renewable fuel resources. Conversion of waste oils and fats to. Office Alternative Fuels Program. Main alternative transport fuels in use in Australia. AUD37.3 million paid to Australia’s 3 fuel. ALTERNATIVE FUELS CONVERSION PROGRAM. ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. R&D Program aims to produce an alternative, replacement fuel. Private Sector Linkages Program, Australia. Australia. Austria. Bangladesh. Belgium. Brazil. Auditor Conversion Training. the use of alternative fuels such as refuse. This has led to significant disposal problems. Waste oils and fats can be used as renewable fuel resources. Conversion of waste oils and fats to biodiesel fuel is one possibility. Conversion to biodiesel may also decrease the. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of. Using relatively unmodified oils or fats eliminates. This paper discusses the use of waste vegetable and. Introduction. Waste edible oils and fats pose significant disposal. In the past much of these waste. However due. to possible links between BSE and this practice, the use of waste edible. As it is often difficult to prevent the contamination. One possibility for the disposal of these products. Conversion of waste oils and. However it is not commercially available in Australia. By- product. disposal may present further difficulties and environmental considerations. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil or rendered. Using unmodified oils not only eliminates problems. While the use of vegetable or animal oils and fats. French- born Rudolf Diesel near. In 1. 90. 0, Rudolf Diesel demonstrated his new compression. World Exhibition in Paris running on peanut oil. In 1. 91. 1 he wrote “The engine can be fed with vegetable oils and. It was about this time that new drilling technology. Consequently, the use. After some one hundred years of using liquid petroleum. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect. In Australia, transport use contributes some 1. Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions. Of this, diesel fuel contributed. CO2 equivalent. An additional 1,6. On top of greenhouse gas emissions is the vexing question of how. However oils of vegetable and animal origin, unlike. Properties of Triglycerides as Fuels. A large amount of research has gone into examining Diesel’s. Work has been conducted to examine these oils as fuel replacements or additives. For example in the late 1. Murdoch University (Perth, Australia) into the use of eucalyptus and other. In New Zealand, there are considerable. Experience has shown that the use of unsaturated triglyceride. But this is not always the case and in many circumstances. While power output and tailpipe emissions using plant. These. can cause difficult starting in cold conditions, the gumming up of injectors. The viscosity of plant and animal fats and oils varies. In most. cases, these ‘oils’ or ‘fats’ are actually a. This may give. the oil or fat a temperature range over which solidification occurs. High melting points or solidification ranges can cause. While this also occurs with petroleum based diesel, particularly. C for ‘summer’ formulations. C for ‘winter’ diesels, it is relatively. Many vegetable oils and some animal oils are ‘drying’ or ‘semi- drying’ and. But it is also. this property that further restricts their use as fuels. Drying results from the double bonds (and sometimes. Cross- linking at this site can. In the high temperatures commonly found in internal combustion engines, the. With some oils, engine failure can occur in as little as 2. The traditional measure of the degree of bonds available. Iodine Value’ (IV) and. The amount of iodine. IV. The higher the IV. While some oils have a low IV and are suitable without. IV which may cause problems if used. Generally speaking, an IV of less than about 2. Table 1 lists various oils and some of their properties. The IV can be easily reduced by hydrogenation of the. However this process also increases. As can be seen from Table 1, only coconut oil has an. IV low enough to be used without any potential problems in an unmodified. However, with a melting point of 2. C, the use of. coconut oil in cooler areas would obviously lead to problems. With IVs. of 2. 5 – 5. Triglycerides. in the range of IV 5. However these. must be balanced against greatly decreased fuel costs (if using cheap. Table 1. Oils and their melting point and Iodine Values [1. Oil Approx. Iodine point °C Value Coconut oil 2. Palm kernel oil 2. Mutton tallow 4. Beef tallow 5. Palm oil 3. Olive oil - 6 8. Castor oil - 1. Peanut oil 3 9. Rapeseed oil - 1. Cotton seed oil - 1 1. Sunflower oil - 1. Soybean oil - 1. Tung oil - 2. Linseed oil - 2. Sardine oil 1. All. of these problems can be at least partially alleviated by dissolving. Drying. oils’ such as linseed oil for example, could be mixed with. IV in the mid- twenties. Likewise coconut oil can be thinned with. Obviously the solubility of the oil in petroleum also needs to. Another method is to emulsify the oil or fat with ethanol. Goering [1. 2] found. The cost was calculated (in 1. Trans- esterifying triglyceride oils and fats with monohydric alcohols to form. However as previously mentioned, the ‘back- yard’ production of. In many cases, it is possible to use a variety of triglyceride fats and oils. While engine wear and maintenance may be increased, in some circumstances. Conversion of a vehicle to operate on Waste Cooking Oil. An alternative to the use of biodiesel is the use of vegetable oil. The differences amongst fats and oils, whether of. Generally speaking, the lower the number of double bonds, the. From an engine. use point of view, it is preferable to use saturated fats as fuels as they. However due to. their higher melting points, difficulty may be encountered in starting the. In. order to test the viability of using relatively unsaturated oils. Mazda with a 2. 0 litre indirect injection OHC. At that time of purchase, the vehicle. The previous owner stated that the engine head had been overhauled, but no. Since the purchase, and prior to the conversion. Fuel consumption. L/1. 00 km. The vehicle is used as a family vehicle in a 2- car household. At the time of. conversion (October 2. Waste palm oil (a solid fat) was used initially but the time delay in melting. Consequently, waste canola. At. about 8. 0 c. St (at 2. 0° C), the viscosity of used canola oil is. St. [7, 1. 3] However, as canola oil is. C. the viscosity is about 5 to 1. St. Thus the viscosity is sufficiently. Table 2 Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel. Diesel Canola Oil Biodiesel. Density. kg. L- 1 @ 1. C 0. Calorific. value MJL- 1 3. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 2. C 4 - 5 7. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 4. C 4 - 5 3. Viscosity. mm. 2s- 1 @ 7. C 1. Cetane. number 4. The. vehicle was fitted with an additional 1. Electrical connections to a thermostat. The oil tank was fitted with a heat exchanger comprising one metre of 1. This was connected to the engine coolant system and pre- heats. The tank was located in the engine bay to maximise heat. The finished tank. This gave a range of up to 2. Additional filtering was installed with an internal preheater. The pre- heater, a 2. V diesel glow plug, together with a relay and thermostat. The filter used (Ryco. Z3. 0) provides filtration to 3. A vacuum gauge was fitted after the fuel filter and it. An extra in- line fuel pump. The heated oil fuel line was one metre of 5/1. Brass fittings were used to ensure. The three port, 1. Vdc solenoid valve was mounted in. The fuel. return line to the diesel tank was redirected to the fuel pump suction. This was done to prevent. A disadvantage of. A run- on timer was installed using a modified ‘turbo. After the solenoid valve is switched back to diesel, the. During this period. The correct time was found by a trial and error. A manual. override switch was also installed to allow emergency, or short duration. The supplier of the used oil (a fast food outlet) filters. To ensure that. the oil is clean, the oil is heated and additionally filtered. It was found that the used oil usually becomes. If water content is suspected of being excessive, the. C to evaporate the moisture. Use of the oil and preliminary results To date, the vehicle has been driven over 7. In the morning, the oil in the tank is cold and quite viscous and a particular. In addition, if, at the end of the trip. Glow plugs are used for all starts. When starting cold, the engine is. When the engine temperature. For hot or warm starts. Shutdown: In the cooler months, at about. At. the end. the journey, the ignition switch is turned off. If the time delay has. Comparison of performance and economy. Using records of fuel consumption and distance travelled, there has. The fuel consumption has been. L/1. 00 km, regardless of what fuel is being used. It is planned that. Problems. Cold starting with canola oil: If. It has been found that heating the injectors by, for example, pouring. Saturated oils: The use of saturated (solid) fats in. Palm oil tended to solidify in the filter. This may be less of.
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